The seven primary European countries that colonized Africa during the late 19th-century "Scramble for Africa" were the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, and Italy, dividing the continent among themselves with Britain and France holding the largest territories.
United Kingdom: Major holdings in East, West, and Southern Africa (e.g., Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, South Africa).
France: Controlled vast areas in West and North Africa (e.g., Algeria, Senegal, Madagascar).
Germany: Acquired territories like German East Africa (Tanzania) and Namibia before World War I.
Belgium: Ruled the resource-rich Belgian Congo (DRC).
Portugal: Held Angola and Mozambique.
Italy: Colonized Libya, Eritrea, and Italian Somaliland.
Spain: Gained Equatorial Guinea and Western Sahara.