HISTORY OF AFRICAN COLLARS

Africa's fascinating bead history predates the African Trade Bead era by over 75,000 years; the first known examples found in the Blombos Cave, on the South African coast (near Capetown) in 2004. Archaeologists uncovered a wealth of ancient artifacts, including the first known beads for decorative purpose – made from the shell of ostrich eggs. This knowledge spread across the continent, and archeological finds in Libya from around 12,000 years ago show the continued mastery of the craft as it evolved throughout the ages. The cultural significance of beadwork spread to ancient Kemet by 1500 BC.

Ingqosha Collar, South Africa

The Thembu, are a group in the Eastern Cape who speak Xhosa language but are a separate tribe. After circumcision, the men wore, and still wear, skirts, turbans and a wide bead collar. A waistcoat, long necklaces, throat bands, armbands, leggings and belts are part of his regalia. The dominant colors in the beadwork are white and navy blue, with some yellow and green beads symbolizing fertility and a new life, respectively

Thembu, also spelled Tembu , a Bantu-speaking people who inhabit the upper reaches of the Mzimvubu River in Eastern province, South Africa. The Thembu speak a dialect of Xhosa, a Bantu language of the Nguni group that is closely related to Zulu.

Usekh collar, Ancient Kemet

Broad collar, Senebtisi The Usekh or Wesekh is a personal ornament, a type of broad collar or necklace, familiar to many because of its presence in images of the ancient Egyptian elite. Deities, women, and men were depicted wearing this jewelry. One example can be seen on the famous gold mask of Tutankhamun. The ancient word wsẖ can mean "breadth" or "width" in the Ancient Egyptian language and so this adornment is often referred to as the broad collar. The usekh broad collar was wrapped around and supported by the neck and shoulders. It is typically adorned with closely placed rows of colored stone beads, or it is made entirely of metal. The collars were connected with clasps of gold.

A scene in the 4th Dynasty tomb of Wepemnofret at Giza connects the usekh collar with dwarfs and the deity Ptah. Bernd Scheel has argued that Ptah, who is sometimes depicted wearing the broad collar, protects the deceased through the collar and that dwarfs had access to that protective magic because of their work making these types of collars. In the 5th Dynasty tomb chapel of Akhethotep (originally located at the Saqqara burial ground, now in the Louvre), one scene distinguishes between two types of collars: the broad collar and the šnw or "encircling" collar

The point is made, that there are similar collars in both cultures. But where did they originate, with the Kemetian north Africans or in South Africans or elsewhere in Africa?

Winnie Mandela, quoted in Sandra Klopper and André Proctor, “Through the Barrel of a Bead: The Personal and the Political in the Beadwork of the Eastern Cape,” in Ezakwantu: Beadwork from the Eastern Cape (Cape Town: South African National Gallery, 1994), p. 62.

References

1. Sandra Klopper, “From adornment to artefact to art: historical perspectives on south-east African beadwork,” in South East African Beadwork 1850–1910: From Adornment to Artefact to Art, ed. Michael Graham-Stewart, pp. 9–43 (Fernwood Press, 200.

2. Gary Van Wyk, “Illuminated Signs: Style and Meaning in the Beadwork of Xhosa- and Zulu-speaking Peoples,” African Arts, vol. 36, no. 3 (2003).​

3. Dr. Christa Clarke, "Beaded collar (ingqosha), Xhosa artist, South Africa," in Smarthistory, January 31, 2023, accessed June 9, 2023.

THE REVERED BLACK RUSSIAN!

Abram Petrovich Hannibal (Gannibal in Russia) was born an African prince, but kidnapped as a young boy about 1692 in East Africa and sent to Istanbul as a hostage. A year later he was sent as a present to Tsar Peter of Russia, who used him as an experiment to demonstrate his educational theories. He was a brilliant student and soon became a favorite of the Tsar, who had him baptized and given the names Petrovich (after himself) and Hannibal (after the Black African General who was feared in Rome ).

He became a fine General and Engineer and was appointed tutor to the crown prince, but after Peter's death court jealousies led to him being sent to Siberia on increasingly unimportant jobs. Eventually he was arrested and imprisoned. The Tsarina Anna Ivanova rescued him and not only restored his position at court but made him Engineer General of Russia and awarded him the Alexander Nevski Medal. He died a wealthy and revered man, leaving a wife and nine children, one of whom was the grandfather of Alexander Pushkin.

British aristocrats descended from Abram Petrovich Gannibal include: Natalia Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster and her sister, Alexandra Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn. George Mountbatten, 4th Marquess of Milford Haven, a cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, is also a direct descendant, as the grandson of Nadejda Mountbatten, Marchioness of Milford Haven.