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1966 - The U.S. 4th Circuit Court of Appeals unanimously reverses a lower court decision and orders Dixie Hospital to reinstate the employment of nurses Mildred Smith, Patricia Taylor (McKenzie), and Agnes Stokes (Chisman), and awards them full back pay.

In August 1963, the three Black nurses had decided to eat lunch in the new, spacious whites-only cafeteria of the hospital rather than in the cramped basement classroom designated for non-whites. The three women were fired on the second day of their sit-in and sued the hospital for racial discrimination.

Smith later said that, like Rosa Parks, she was tired of “taking a back seat” and wanted to mount a stand against segregation of hospital employees. Shortly after firing the three women, Dixie Hospital ended its policy of cafeteria segregation but refused to re-hire the three nurses.

In 1964, the U.S. District Court in Newport News dismissed their suit on the grounds that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not apply retroactively to the nurses’ protest the year before. However, the Appeals Court found that the nurses’ constitutional rights had been violated. The case was argued by lawyer William Alfred Smith of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. A separate 1960s lawsuit fought racial segregation among patients admitted to Dixie Hospital.

Photo by Benjamin Smith, New Journal and Guide, Aug 17, 1963

The Vatican Library is one of the most guarded sites in the world.

Its protection is more serious than that of any existing nuclear power plants or any banks in the world. In addition to numerous Swiss guards, the library is guarded by state-of-the-art automatic systems that form several layers.

Hidden within its walls lie rare secret documents, letters, state papers, books, photographs, and films, and even advanced technologies from our ancestors. Containing tens of thousands of volumes of work stored on an estimated 53 miles of underground space and shelving.

Browsing the library is forbidden and not allowed either. You can guess why is that.